This research paper examines the rare earth corridor linking Kachin State in northern Myanmar with Yunnan Province in China, where extraction has become increasingly important to global critical mineral supply chains. It explores the environmental and social harms concentrated in the region, alongside the conflict, fragmented authority and war economies shaping extraction. Focusing on developments since late 2024, when the Kachin Independence Army took control of major rare earth mining areas, the paper shows how extraction is continually shaped by competing interests, territorial struggles, livelihoods and local contestation. It argues for a deeper understanding of the political and social relations underpinning critical mineral frontiers.

Dr Patrick Meehan (University of Manchester)

Dan Seng Lawn (KRC)

Dr Xu Peng (Manchester / SOAS CIVAD )

Professor Jonathan Goodhand (SOAS University of London)

October 2026

Online scam compounds are often described as a cybercrime problem, but this is only partly true. Victims encounter scams online, yet the industry is built offline. It depends on territorial control, armed protection, labour recruitment, telecom access, supply chains, transport routes, financial channels and legal ambiguity. This research shows that scam compounds in the China–Myanmar borderlands are not isolated criminal hideouts but nodes in a wider corridor through which people, goods, money, data and coercion circulate. Armed groups, militias, brokers, traders and state-linked actors regulate movement, provide protection, extract rents and shape enforcement outcomes. Far from being marginal, scam centres reveal how illicit borderland economies are embedded in broader processes of accumulation, governance and uneven development.

Xu Peng (Manchester / SOAS CIVAD )

July 2026